Вредно для несовершеннолетних

13. Laliberte, «Missing Children,» 77. 14. J. M. Lawrence, «Molesters Hide Evil behind Image of the Normal Guy,» Boston Herald, October 12, 1997, 30. 15. According to the FBI, «classic» abductions, in which a child is taken by a nonfamily member more than fifty miles from home, held overnight, and ransomed or murdered, number two hundred to three hundred annually, or 1 child in every 230,000 (as of 1997). 16. FBI statistics, phone interview, summer 1993. 17. Lieutenant Bill D’Heron points out that the case is still open. Phone interview with the lieutenant, of the Hollywood (Florida) Police Department detectives unit, December 15, 1998. 18. Laliberte, «Missing Children,» 78. 19. Anna C. Salter, «Epidemiology of Child Sexual Abuse,» in The Sexual Abuse of Children: Theory and Research, vol. 1, ed. William O’Donoghue and James H. Geer (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992), 129-130. 20. See Paul Okami, «‘Slippage’ in Research on Child Sexual Abuse: Science as Social Advocacy,» in The Handbook of Forensic Sexology: Biomedical and Criminological Perspectives, ed. James J. Krivacska and John Money (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1994), 559-75. 21. Quoted in Bruce Selcraig, «Chasing Computer Perverts,» Penthouse, February 1996, 51. 22. More than eight times more people were incarcerated for low-level sex offenses in 1992 than in 1980. Bureau of Justice Statistics, «Correctional Populations in the United States,» report, Washington, D.C., 1992, 53. 23. Federal Bureau of Investigation, «Uniform Crime Reports: Crime in the U.S.,» report, Washington, D.C., 1993, 217. 24. Okami and Goldberg, «Personality Correlates,» 317-20. The article is an excellent review of the literature. 25. In one study, fewer than a fifth of pedophiles interviewed said they desired genital sex, whereas another fifth wanted «non-sexual, platonic friendships.» Glenn D. Wilson and David N. Cox, The Child-Lovers: A Study of Paedophiles in Society (London: Peter Owen), 35. 26. Okami and Goldberg, «Personality Correlates,» 297-328. A study of the members of a British pedophile organization found that «the majority [of subjects] showed no sign of clinically significant psychopathy or thought disorder.» Wilson and Cox, The Child Lovers, 122-23. Even the commonly held belief that a molested child will grow up to be a molester is exaggerated: studies find that about a third do, which means that as many as two-thirds do not. Joan Kaufman and Edward Zigler, «Do Abused Children Become Abusive Parents?» American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 57, no. 2 (1987): 186-92. The degree of social anxiety that pedophiles exhibit may be a result, not a cause, of the intense hatred and ostracism they experience, say a number of observers, including psychologists Theo Sandfort and Larry Constantine. 27. Wilson and Cox (The Child-Lovers) add a caveat to Money’s comment about erotophobia in the families of paraphilics. They note that just about everyone describes his or her parents as repressive about sex. 28. There was no proof of a sexual relationship between the two men. Nor was there any of a general propensity toward child molesting in the Sicari family, although police inferred one from the conviction of Salvi’s sixteen-year-old brother in a sexual encounter with a ten-year-old boy. The gay historian Allan Berube suggested that the crime fit another stereotype and piqued another fear: that the child molester’s prey is not only a boy but a white boy (author conversation with Berube). 29. Margaret A. Alexander, «Quasi-Meta-Analysis II, Oshkosh Correctional Institution,» State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections/Oshkosh Correctional Institution report, Oshkosh, 1994; Lita Furby et al., «Sex Offender Recidivism: A Review,» Psychological Bulletin 3 (1989); R. Karl Hanson and Monique T. Bussiere, «Predictors of Sexual Offender Recidivism: A Meta-Analysis,» Department of Solicitor General of Canada, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66, no. 2 (1996). 30. These numbers are inflated by reoffenses by adult rapists. In her metanalysis of seventy-nine studies encompassing almost eleven thousand subjects, Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Correctional Institution clinical director Margaret Alexander reconfirmed the fact that men who rape adult women are the most intransigent, with about a fifth striking again whether they undergo a treatment program in prison or not. But men arrested for having sex with children are usually overcome with shame and remorse; they want to stop. For them, good treatment has made a great difference: Since 1943, an average of 11 percent of «child molesters» who were treated in jails, hospitals, and outpatient clinics found their way back to prison, compared with 32 percent of those who took part in no treatment. Margaret A. Alexander, «Sexual Offender Treatment Efficacy Revisited,» State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections/Oshkosh Correctional Institution report, Oshkosh, May 1998. There’s also evidence that better treatment is increasingly successful. Before 1980, recidivism among treated sex offenders was almost 30 percent; after 1980, it dropped to 8.4 percent. Eric Lotke, «Sex Offenders: Does Treatment Work?» National Center for Institutions and Alternatives report, Washington, D.C., 1996, 5. 31. James R. Kincaid, Child-Loving: The Erotic Child and Victorian Culture (New York: Routledge, 1992); and James R. Kincaid, Erotic Innocence: The Culture of Child-Molesting (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1998). 32. Judith Lewis Herman, Father-Daughter Incest (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981). 33. National Incidence Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect, vol. 2 (Washington, D.C.: Department of Health and Human Services, 1993). 34. Ellen Bass and Laura Davis, The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse (New York: Harper Perennial, 1988): 22. 35. Richard Ofshe and Ethan Watters, Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria (New York: Scribner’s, 1994), 65-67. In fact, any catalogue of symptoms is suspect. «Psychological evidence suggests that it is impossible to tease out a set of symptoms that are related to sexual abuse but are never seen in victims of other types of abuse.» Elizabeth Wilson, «Not in This House: Incest, Denial, and Doubt in the Middle-Class Family,» Yale Journal of Criticism 8 (1995): 51. Wilson’s conclusion, drawn from examinations of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, is supported by a thorough review of the abuse literature by Bruce Rind at the University of Pennsylvania, as well as Paul Okami and others. Such careful work is in the minority. The complete confounding of data has led to huge inflations of the statistics, which are commonly repeated by journalists. In the 1980s, estimates of women abused as children ranged as high as 62 percent. S. D. Peters, G. E. Wyatt, and D. Finkelhor, «Prevalence,» in A Source Book on Sexual Abuse, ed. David Finkelhor (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publishers, 1986), 75-93. 36. This estimation is drawn from the hundreds of articles I’ve read in writing about child abuse. 37. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (Washington, D.C., 1993); 3-3. 38. Judith Lewis Herman, D. Russell, and K. Trocki, «Long-Term Effects of Incestuous Abuse in Childhood,» American Journal of Psychiatry 143, no. 10 (1986): 1293-96. 39. «By far the largest group of defendants [in child pornography cases] seems to be white males between 30 and 50 who are interested in teenage boys, usually between 14 and 17,» concluded Bruce Selcraig, a government investigator of child pornography during the 1980s who went online in 1996 as a journalist to review the situation. Selcraig, «Chasing Computer Perverts,» 53. The same is true of the majority of men in jail for consensual sex with girls or boys: their partners are teenagers. I conclude this from my own surveys over the past ten years of journalism, police sources, and defense attorneys. 40. Jennifer Allen, «The Danger Years,» Life, July 1995, 48. 41. Lawrence, «Molesters Hide Evil,» 31. 42. As quoted by Harry Hendrick, «Constructions and Reconstructions of British Childhood: An Interpretive Survey, 1800 to the Present,» in Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood, ed. Allison James and Alan Prout (London: Falmer Press, 1990), 42. 43. Judith R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992). 44. The reports of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, for instance, frequently described the alleged exploiters of children in vicious and often confused ethnic stereotypes. Italian «padrones» who traffic variously in child labor, entertainment, and flesh are ubiquitous. A «rabbi» who runs a beer-bottle and cigarette-strewn gambling den behind a bogus «bird store» is characterized, incongruously, by his «little Chinese ways of enticement.» Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Sixteenth Annual Report (New York, 1891), 23. 45. See, e.g., Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight; Ellen Carol DuBois and Linda Gordon, «Seeking Ecstasy on the Battlefield,» in Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, ed. Carole Vance (London: Pandora Press, 1989); Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987); Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1987); and Ruth C. Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), for a fuller picture of turn-of-the-century urban prostitution.